| Co-ordination |
ability to execute smooth, accurate, controlled motor responses or movements |
| Agility |
ability to rapidly and smoothly initiate, stop, or modify movement while maintaining postural control |
| Dexterity |
smooth, accurate and skillful use of fingers motions during fine motor tasks |
| Intralimb coordination |
coordinated movements occurring within a single limb |
| Ataxia |
most common term to describe motor coordination impairments of cerebellar pathology. It is characterized as a difficulty in movement initiation as well as impaired rate, rhythm, timing and coordination of motor responses. |
| Asthenia |
generalized muscle weakness. Linked to cerebellar lesions |
| Asynergia |
inability to execute motor response in a coordinated fashion to produce complex movement patterns |
| Dysarthria |
disorder of motor component of speech articulation. Characterized by scanning speech with prolonged syllables, inappropriate pauses, slow, slurred and hesitant speech. No continuation or melody in a speech. Absence of a sentence, one word a t a time type. Cerebellar lesion. |
| Hypotonia |
decreased muscle tone, diminished resistance to movement |
| Hypertonia |
increased muscle tone, increased resistance to passive movement |
| Dysmetria |
inability to estimate the distance or required range of movement to reach an object or to complete the required task. Hypermetria – overestimation; Hypometria – underestimation |
| Dysdiadochokinesia |
inability to perform rapid alternating movements |
| Tremor |
involuntary, rhythmic, oscillatory movements due to involuntary alternate contractions of opposing muscles. |
| –intention (kinetic) |
–tremor during voluntary movements which increases when limb nears the target. It may be absent or reduced at rest |
| –Postural (static) |
–tremor during upright posture or of the limb held static against gravity |
| –Rest |
—tremor at rest |
| Akinesia |
inability to initiate movement, fixed postures |
| Bradykinesia |
reduced, slow, decreased amplitude and velocity of voluntary motor response |
| Athetosis |
slow, involuntary, writhing, twisting, “worm like” movements, frequently greater involvement in distal upper extremities. Basal ganglia lesions |
| Bradykinesia |
reduced amplitude and velocity of movements |
| Chorea |
jerky movements including multiple joints which are involuntary, rapid and irregular. Common in upper extremities. Linked to basal ganglia lesions |
| Choreoathetosis |
movement disorder with features of both chorea and athetosis |
| Hemiballismus |
sudden, violent, large amplitude movement of both upper and lower extremity of one side of the body |
| Dystonia |
sustained involuntary contractions of muscles (both agonists and antagonists) |
